The main contribution of this work is the easy and extensible solution to software quality of validation and verification in software develop process. Principles and theory of fluorescence spectroscopy fluorescence is a type of luminescence caused by photons exciting a molecule, raising it to an electronic excited state. Therefore, attempts should be made to maintain the variation in the measurement system as low as possible, preferably within 10% of the allowed tolerance. A measurement is an manifestation of the size, quantity, amount or dimension of a particular attributes of a product or process.
Basically a solidstate relay or digital fault recorder with gps clock. There cannot be useful quantitative knowledge without consistent standards being valid everywhere. Introduction to measurement theory measurement as applied software. Liquid level measurement basics 101 control global. Measurement system analysis the overall variation observed in any product or service consists of process variation and variation induced by the measurement system. Software measurement process is defined and governed by iso standard. Michell, in fact, described the controversy over scales of measurement as a clash of. Also, measurement is used by software engineers to gain insight into the design and development of the work products.
Thus, software measurement gives rise to software metrics. Measurement theory accuracy, precision, error, repeatability, measurement scale gauri s. A powerpoint which reminds children of the main units of measurement for time, weight, length and capacity. The tool is realized on a pyramidal abstraction concept based on assumptions and constraints related to telco web applications. Introduction to irtrasch measurement using winsteps.
First, software engineering is a young discipline, so its theories, methods, models, and techniques still need to be fully developed and assessed. Ppt software measurement powerpoint presentation free to. In the past, she was founder and director of howard universitys center for research in evaluating software technology crest, and was a visiting scientist at the city university london centre for software reliability, principal scientist at mitre corporations software engineering center, and manager of the measurement program at the contel. Software metrics is a standard of measure that contains many activities which involve some degree of measurement. Product metrics are used to asses the state of the product, tracking risks and discovering potential problem areas. In software engineering, measurement is essential for the following three basic activities. Context heat exchange at the liquid he solid metal interface acoustic mismatch causes weak coupling.
Fundamentals of measurement theory metrics and models in. Ppt the history of measurement powerpoint presentation. Electric solenoid actuator also called as onoff valve or solenoid. Metrology is field of knowledge concerned with measurement and includes both theoretical and practical problems with reference to measurement, metrology is the name given to the science of pure measurement.
Measurement theory representational theory measurement characterizing a given attribute of. A computer program is an implementation of an algorithm considered to be a collection of tokens which can be classified as either operators or operands. Measurement theory has been proposed as an approach for providing software measurement with a sound basis. From software metrics to software measurement methods. Metrology is derived from two greek word, one is metro which means measurement and other is logy which means science.
Pfleegers research area is software measurement, so she gives it a very. Trueness is the closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of test results and an accepted reference value. A new interpretation of the representational theory of. Without measuring these, a project cant be completed successfully. We could measure the width of the classroom with our 15 cm. Software measurement process must be a good oriented methodical process t hat measures, evaluates, adjusts, and finally improves the software development process shanthi and duraiswamy, 2011. Liquid level measurement basics 101 part 1 introduction level measurement is one of the big 4 measurements in industrial plants. This paper explores the fundamental theories for engineering measurement and their applications in software engineering. Measurement process software measurement plays an important role in whole software development activities. May 05, 2011 measurement theory accuracy, precision, error, repeatability, measurement scale gauri s. Measurement, the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena. To understand what is happening during development and maintenance. A guide to objective program insight jlc 96 and goaldriven software measurement park 96a make excellent starting points, as do the examples and advice found in books by people such as watts humphrey and robert grady humphrey 89, grady 87, grady 92.
Metrology is one of the driving forces to the development and maturity of engineering disciplines. Due to the humanintensive nature of software development and its relative novelty, some aspects of software. A new interpretation of the representational theory of measurement conrad heilmann forthcoming in philosophy of science abstract on the received view, the representational theory of measurement reduces measurement to the numerical representation of empirical relations. Back to the top measurement theory foundations of software measurement pdf horst zuse this slide presentation contains the following topics. Fundamentals, measurement, theory, objective, nominal scale, ordinal, interval, ratio. Measurement for prediction for allocating the appropriate resources to the project, we need to predict the effort, time, and cost for developing the project. It then provides an overview of modern measurement as practiced using item response theory with a focus on rasch measurement. The theory of sampling and measurement the theory of sampling and measurement sampling first step in implementing any research design is to create a sample. In this paper we argue that, inspite of the importance of measurement theory, and in the context of software engineering, many of these prescriptions and proscriptions are either premature or, if strictly applied, would represent a substantial hindrance to the progress of empirical research in software engineering. Units of measurement powerpoint teaching resources.
On the application of measurement theory in software engineering. Much more often, it has been used to analyze the properties of existing measures, but there has been little agreement on the compliance of existing measures. By counting the tokens and determining which are operators and which are operands. Measurement helps in estimation, quality control, productivity assessment and project control throughout a software project. In the following section, we will present the basic concepts of measurement theory so that the. Measurement and metrics play an important rule in software engineering. Elements of measurement theory have recently been introduced into the software engineering discipline.
The measurement theory for software engineering conference paper pdf available in canadian conference on electrical and computer engineering 2. In todays article, we will learn with examples and graphs software test metrics and measurements and how to use these in the software testing. Optom, fiacle slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Download the free conductivity measurement theory guide and learn the basics of correct and accurate conductivity measurements. Fundamentals of measurement theory this chapter discusses the fundamentals of measurement theory. We outline the relationships among theoretical concepts, definitions, and measurement, and describe some basic measures that selection from metrics and models in software quality engineering, second edition book. A typical electric solenoid actuator is shown in below figure.
This account of measurement has been widely criticised. Basics of software measurement definitions metric a quantifiable characteristic of software measurement the process of mapping from real world attributes to a mathematical representation model a mathematical relationship between metrics e. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. Its brought about by absorption of photons in the singlet ground state promoted to a singletexcited state. However, measurement theory has hardly ever been used for building new measures. Software measurement process must be a good oriented methodical process that measures, evaluates, adjusts, and finally improves the software development process. On the application of measurement theory in software. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later.
Software quality theory and management, 2nd ed, london. A synchrophasor is a phasor that is time stamped to an extremely precise and accurate time reference. The purpose of level measurement is to measure quantitatively the liquid content in vessels, tanks using radar, ultrasonic level sensors. A measurement is an manifestation of the size, quantity. Aug 31, 2012 the truth about mobile phone and wireless radiation dr devra davis duration. Conductivity measurement theory guide the definition of. Use derived units to tom7 a solve measurement problems. It has been suggested that these elements should serve as the basis for developing, reasoning about, and applying measures. However, impact measurement is complex in practice, and varies in approach and rigor, with.
Transmitter suppression and elevation a very common scenario for liquid level measurement is where the pressuresensing instrument is not locatedinstalled at the same level as the 0% measurement point. Halsteads metrics are included in a number of current commercial tools that count software lines of code. Foundations of a weak measurementtheoretic approach to. Nevertheless, this definition is far from being unanimously accepted, and fenton remarks that there is an implicit assumption in the software community that validation of a measurement method in the measurement theory. In addition, measurement assists in strategic decisionmaking as a project proceeds. Fundamentals of a theory of measurement helmut hille. Programming time shows time in minutes needed to translate the existing algorithm into implementation in the specified program language. Software metrics and measurement theory measurement theory was first used in software metric research to validate the myriad complexity metrics which dominated the early research in the field. Metric classification software metrics can be divided into two categories. The application of this concept leads to a methodology to easily estimate the effort to develop a software application, starting from its highlevel functional requirements and. Ppt software measurement powerpoint presentation, free. The figure below is a schematic diagram showing toc measurement using the 680c combustion catalytic oxidation method and the ndir method. Create the quality of the current product or process. Software measurement is an emerging field of software engineering, since it may provide support for planning, controlling, and improving the software development process, as needed in any industrial development process.
In software projects, it is most important to measure the quality, cost, and effectiveness of the project and the processes. The validation by measurement theory of proposed object. This workshop presents the theory and practice of classical test theory, the traditional approach. Measurement models organizational theory has spawned a rich body of literature that has had a major influence on management accounting studies hopper and powell 1985. Fundamentals in measurement theorysoftware qualitylecture. Ppt introduction to measurement powerpoint presentation. Since the 1950s, numerous studies within the organizational theory literature have. Paul goodman, writer of practical implementation of software metrics, claims that the role of software metrics is to enable engineers and managers to. Determination of the surface area by the bet method. Example hypothesis the more rigorously the front end of the software development.
Synchronized phasors synchrophasors provide a realtime measurement of electrical quantities across the power system. A theory of measurement based on the cognitive status and the corresponding metrology is an unconditional basis for measurement statements made by any natura science. Fundamentals of measurement theory powerpoint ppt presentation. Total surface area of the sample a, the total volume adsorbed. Important software test metrics and measurements explained. The measurement for prediction always requires a mathematical model that relates the attributes to be predicted to some other attribute that we can measure now. This lecture is part of lecture series for software quality course. This paper presents a new software sizing tool based on the function point methodology. The measurement for prediction always requires a mathematical model that relates the attributes to be predicted to. Direct and indirect measurement measurement for prediction a prediction system consists of a mathematical model together with a set of. Intelligence content determines the amount of intelligence presented stated in the program this parameter provides a measurement of program complexity, independently of the program language in which it was implemented. Pfleegers research area is software measurement, so she gives it a very strong treatment throughout her book. Software quality management issues are raised in a number of chapters.
Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Metrics are related to the four functions of management. Software measurement is a titrate impute of a characteristic of a software product or the software process. Get smart tips and hints from our electrochemical experts for your daily work in the laboratory environment. Product metrics describe the characteristics of the product such as size, complexity, design features, performance, and quality level. Download ppt software measurement theoretical issues. Gqimproceeding from measurement goals to questions and. By adopting a newlydesigned, highsensitivity ndir, the tocl series achieves high detection sensitivity, with a detection limit of 4.
Since the 1950s, numerous studies within the organizational theory literature have focused on understanding the concept of effectiveness. A practical approach allows practicing software engineers and managers to better estimate, manage, and effectively communicate the plans and progress of their software projects. Fundamentals of measurement theory metrics and models. The history of measurement is the property of its rightful owner. Pdf the measurement theory for software engineering. Approximately 12% of all measurements in the industrial marketplace are used for level. A process model for identifying and defining software measures. Correlations were expected to exist between the complexity of a project and the achievement of acceptable parameters in its development.
Tom6 c evaluate tradeoffs when selecting methods and tools for measurement. Measurement theory overview of software metrics, basics of measurement theory, goalbased framework. The truth about mobile phone and wireless radiation dr devra davis duration. Measuring software for dummies function point methodology. With its classroomtested features, this is an excellent textbook for advanced undergraduatelevel and graduate students in.
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